ASSESSMENT OF BREEDING OBJECTIVES, PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN IN NORTHERN GHANA

Abstract

Indigenous chickens are vital to household economies and food security in rural Northern Ghana, yet systematic data on their breeding practices and characteristics remain limited. This study assessed breeding objectives, production systems, and morphological traits across five regions (Upper East, Upper West, Northern, Savannah, and North East). Methodologically, a mixed-methods approach was employed: (1) a cross-sectional survey of 150 randomly selected farmers using structured questionnaires on breeding practices and production constraints; and (2) phenotypic characterization of 1000 chickens (200/region), measuring live weight, linear traits (wingspan, body length, chest/shank circumference), and qualitative features (plumage/comb type). Data was analysed usings Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and Path coefficient analysis. Farmers prioritize meat, egg sales, and live bird sales, with preferences for productive traits like high egg yield and large body size, favouring resilient local breeds over high-maintenance exotic ones. Suboptimal sex ratios (1:3 male-to-female) risk inbreeding, with flock structures emphasizing chicks and hens. Morphological diversity shows regional variation in feather traits (frizzle in North East, naked necks in Savannah) and body measurements, with Savannah birds heaviest (1.28 kg) and Northern birds with the least weight (0.94 kg). Comb size and chest circumference predict body weight, offering breeding opportunities. Production systems are extensive, with 78% providing housing and 75% supplementary feed, but low vaccination (11%) and feed processing (37%) highlight disease and resource vulnerabilities. Recommendations include improved breeding practices, regional trait conservation, genetic studies, enhanced veterinary services, and market linkages to boost sustainability and preserve genetic resources.